一、物主代词

人称
类别
    形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
单数
第一人称 my mine
第二人称 your yours
第三人称 his his
her hers
its its
复数
第一人称 our ours
第二人称 yours yours
第三人称 their theirs

1.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如:
  Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box.
2.名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。
 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语)
 I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语)
 --- Is this English-book yours? (作表语)
 --- No. Mine is in my bag.

二、反身代词
  
反身代名词是[人称代名词 + self(单数)或selves(复数)构成,用来强调语意,有时表示主语的动作回到自己的身上,有强调的作用。

人称

单数
复数
 
主格 / 宾格
所有格
主格 / 宾格
所有格
第一人称 myself
(我自己)
of my own
(我自己的)
ourselves
(我们自己)
of our own
(我们自己的)
第二人称 yourself
(你自己)

of your own
(你自己的)

yourselves
(你们自己)
of your own
(你们自己的)
第三人称 himself
(他自己)
of his own
(他自己的)
themselves
(他们自己)
of their own
(他们自己的)
herself
(她自己)
of her own
(她自己的)
itself
(它自己)
of its own
(它自己的)

  反身代词可以在句中作宾语,表语,同位语。
1.作宾语,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。
  He called himself a writer.   Would you please express yourself in English? 
2.作表语。
  It doesn't matter.  I'll be myself soon.   The girl in the news is myself.
3.作主语或宾语的同位语,表示亲自或本人。
  I myself washed the clothes.(=I washed the clothes myself.)(作主语同位语)
  You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语同位语)

含有反身代词的惯用语:
与介词连用 by oneself
(独自)
for oneself
(亲自,为自己)
of myself
(自动地,自发地)
与动词连用 be oneself
(处于正常状态,显得自然)
enjoy oneself
(玩得愉快)
help oneself to
(自己取用)
make oneself at home
(不要客气)
seat oneself
(坐下)

dress oneself in
( 穿…… )

devote oneself to
(专心于,献身于……)
come to oneself
(苏醒)
find oneself in / at
(发觉自己来到)

三、不定代词
1.both(两者都) 与 all (全部,所有的)
 1)both of + 复数名词 →只用于表示“两者”,动词用复数形。
   Both of Lucy and Lily agree with us.
 2)all of + 复数名词 →用于表示“三者以上”,动词用复数形。
   all of + 不可数名词 →动词取单数。
  All of us like Mr. Pope.
  All the water has been used up.
 3)not~all(或all~not)(并不都)为部分否定。

2.every与each

each
every
1)可单独使用 1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词 2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别” 3)着重“全体”,毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物 4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物

  Each has his own book. (每个人有自己的书。)
  Each pupil has his own chair. (每个学生都有他自己的椅子。)
  Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher. (所有的学生都喜欢这个英语老师 。)
  Every child likes playing. = All children like playing. (所有的孩子都喜欢玩。)

3.other, the other, another, others, the others

用法
代名词
形容词
 
单数
复数
单数
复数
不定 another
另一个
others
别人,其他人
another (boy)
另一个(男孩)
other (boys)
其他(男孩)
特定 the other
另一个
the others
其余那些人、物
the other (boy)
另一个(男孩)
the other (boys)
其余那些(男孩)

4.some与any
作形容词时比较:

单词
含义
用途
搭配
例句
some 一些,几个 多用于肯定句 ①不可数名词+单数动词
②可数名词+复数动词
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.
any 一些,任何 多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句 ①不可数名词+单数动词
②可数名词+复数动词
If you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle. Have you got any tea?

 any和some也可以作代词用,表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中,some多用于肯定句中。
  How many people can you see in the picture?
  I can't see any.
  If you have no money, I'll lend you some.
注意:
   与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法,大致和some, any的用法相同。

5.few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别
1)用作形容词:

用法
表示肯定含义
表示否定含义
用于可数名词 a few虽少,但有几个
I'm going to buy a few apples.
few不多,几乎没有
He has few friends.
用于不可数名词 a little,虽少,但有一点
He can speak only a little Chinese.
little不多,没有什么
They had little money with them.

2)a little和little也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”。

I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night. (修饰动词sleep)

四、疑问代词
1.what, who
   一般说来,what问的是职业或地位,who问的是姓名。

—— What was her father? 她丈夫是干什么的?
—— He was a lawyer.他是律师。
—— Who was her father? 她爸爸是谁?
—— He was John Foebes. 他是约翰·福布斯。

2what, which
   which用于已知情况的选择,其后可跟of短语;what用于未知情况的疑问,其后不能跟of短语。

What fruit do you like best?
你最喜欢什么水果?
What are you looking for?
你在找什么?
Which do you like better, oranges or apples?
你比较喜欢桔子还是苹果?
Which of you would like to go to that island?
你们中谁乐意去那个岛?

五、it的用法
1.作无人称代词
(1)指代天气、时间、距离、季节和自然现象等。例如:
   It rains continually in the south in June.
   It is a half hour's walk to the factory.
(2)指代上文中提到的无生命的东西。例如:
   Where is my notebook? It was here just now.
   There is air all around us, but we cannot see it.
(3)代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西(包括婴儿)。例如:
   The baby cried because it was hungry.
   Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?
2.用作强调句,构成强调结构
  句型结构:It is(was)+强调部分+that。例如:
  It was last night that they left for H.K.
  It was I that(who) his sister in the park yesterday.
3.it作形式主语和形式宾语
  it作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡,而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。例如:
  I found it interesting to study English.
  It is of great help to master a foreign language.