一、冠词
(一)不定冠词的用法
1.指人或事物的某一种类(泛指)。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如:
   She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.
2.指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:
   He borrowed a story-book from the library. 他从图书馆借了一本故事书。
  A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。
3.表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。如:I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.
4.用于某些固定词组中。如:a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。
5.用在抽象名词前,表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词,起具体化的作用。如:
  This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。
  It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。
  It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会,对我来说是一种荣誉。
值得注意的是:
1.如果不定冠词后面第一个词以辅音音素开头就用a,例如:university, useless, useful, unit, uniform;以元音音素开头用an,例如:an uncle, an apple。
2.如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头,而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素,就用an。例如:hour, honest。
3.如果不定冠词和名词之间有其他词,不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如:a rich uncle, a beautiful actress。

(二)定冠词的用法:

1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如:
  Beijing is the capital of China.
  The pen on the desk is mine.
2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如:
  Where is the teacher?
  Open the window, please.
3.指上文提过的人或事物(第二次出现)。如:
  There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.
  The baby was thin.
4.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the earth, the moon, the sun.
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级前。(副词最高级前的定冠词可省略)如:
  He is always the first to come to school.
  Bob is the tallest in his class.
6.用在某些专有名词前(由普通名词构成的专用名词)。如:
  the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children's Palace, the Party等。
7.用在一些习惯用语中。如:
  on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。
8.用在江河湖海、山脉前。如:the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas
9.用在报刊、杂志前。如:the People's Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。
10.表示某一家人要加定冠词。如:
  The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。
11.用在形容词前,表某一类人。如:the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。
12.定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如:
  The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).

(三)零冠词(即不用冠词):
1.专用名词和不可数名词前。如:China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。
2.名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如:Go down this street.
3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如:We are students. / I like reading stories.
4.节日、日期、月份、季节前。如:Teachers' Day, Children's Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。
  Today is New Year's Day.
  It is Sunday.
  March 8 is Women's Day.
5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前,尤其作表语、宾补时。如:
  What's the matter, Granny?
  We elected him monitor.
6.在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如:at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。
7.在三餐饭和球类运动前。如:
  She goes to school after breakfast every morning.
  We are going to play football.
  We usually have lunch at school.
8.科目前不加。如:
We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects.

二、数词
(一)数词的词形
1.在1-12中,1-12为基数词中的数词;序数词1-3为特殊变化,序数词4-12在基数词词尾加-th。
   [注意 fifth (第五);ninth (第九)和 twelfth (第十二)的特殊拼写]。
2.在13-19中,13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13 和15 发生拼写变化:thirteen 和 fifteen,相应序数词在基数词后加-th构成。13-19岁的少年用teens (in one's teens在某人十多岁时)。
3.在20-90整十位数,在基数词2-9之后加-ty构成。其中20、30、40、50拼法特殊。在构成相应的序数词时,将词尾y变i,再加-eth。表示二十多岁等用twenty 等的复数twenties (in one's twenties 在某人二十多岁时)。
4.两位数之间的数,由十位数加个位数构成,中间用连字符。构成序数词时,连字符前为基数词,后为序数词。如:二十五 twenty-five; 第九十九 ninety-ninth.
5.100以上数词,整百位数由1-9加hundred构成,序数词在词尾加-th;整千位数由1-9加thousand构成,序数词在词尾加-th。在百位和个位之间须加and,如:141 one hundred and forty-one;1201 one thousand two hundred and one ,构成序数词只将最后一个数变成序数词。

(二)使用基数词的情况
1.念数 (o 念作 /o /或 zero)
2.电话号码(62083338)
3.事物表示编号顺序 (名词在前,如:Room 303; World War Two)
4.货币 (100 dollars)
5.度量 (50 kilos)
6.小数 (2.5 meters)

(三)使用序数词的情况
1.第几
2.月份后的号 (August 5th)
3.事物表示顺序 (名词在后,如:the fiftieth page; the Second World War)

(四)分数、小数、百分比、倍数、四则运算的表示方法
1.分数

分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1,分母的序数词用复数。
1/2 读作 a (one) half 1/3 读作 a (one) third 1/4 读作a (one) quarter或a (one) fourth
4/5 读作four fifths 4 2/3 读作four and two thirds  
Two thirds of the earth surface is covered by water.(地球表面的三分之二覆盖着水)

2.小数
   小数点读作point。小数点后面各数都按个位基数词读;小数点前面仍按基数词读。
  零读作o或zero.
   0.7 读作zero point seven 25.25 读作twenty-five point two five
3.百分比:由基数词+percent组成 ( % )
  2% 读作two percent     44% 读作forty-four percent    100% 读作one hundred percent
  More than 25 percent of the surface of the ground is covered with grass.
   百分之二十五以上的地面被草覆盖着。
4.倍数:
  (1)倍数+as+形(副)原级+as
  (2)倍数+形(副)比较级+than
  (3)倍数+ the size(length, height, width, etc.)+ of (表示大小或数量的名词)
  This room is three times as large as that one.
  This room is two times larger than that one.
  This room is three times the size of that one.
   注意:上述三个结构的意义是相同的。汉译表达:这间房是那间房的三倍大 。
5.加、减、乘、除四则运算
  用基数词表示,加号用plus / and,减号用minus,乘号用times,除号用divided by。
  9+8=17,读作 Nine plus (and) eight is seventeen.
  11-5=6,读作 Eleven minus five is six.
  6×5=30,读作 Six times five is thirty.
  35÷7=5,读作 Thirty-five divided by seven is five.