一、动词不定式
  动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。
(一)动词不定式的特征及用法
1.动词不定式的构成及特征
  “to + 动词原形”构成动词不定式,是一种非谓语形式,在句子中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
2.动词不定式的用法
  动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
(1)作主语
  例如:To learn English well is not easy.或It is not easy to learn English well.
  动词不定式作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,这种句型可归纳为下面的句型:
  It is + adj.+ 动词不定式
  如果要说明不定式的动作执行者,可以用for:It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.
(2)作表语
  My wish is to become a teacher.
(3)作宾语
  Most of us like to watch football matches.
(4)作宾语补足语
  He told me to be here on time.
(5)作定语
  I have nothing to say about that thing.
(6)作状语
  He stopped to have a look.
3.动词不定式的否定形式
  动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形
  例如: He asked me not to make such a mistake.
4.动词不定式与疑问词连用
  疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式,构成动词不定式短语,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
  例如:(1) He doesn't know how to use the machine.(不定式作宾语)
     (2) How to use the machine is a question.(不定式作主语)
     (3) The question is when to go there.(不定式作表语)
(二)动词不定式的时态和被动形式
  动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有:

 

主动

被动

一般式

to write

to be written

进行式

to be writing

/

完成式

to have written

to have been written

二、分词
  分词是动词非谓语形式的一种,包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示:主动,动作正在进行。过去分词表示:被动,动作已经完成。
(一)分词的作用
  分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如:
1.作定语
  Do you know the boy standing at the gate?
  Have you read the book written by Lu Xun?
2.作表语
  We are excited at the news.
  The news he told us is exciting.
3.作宾语补足语
  I heard him singing a song in the classroom.
  We found the ground covered with snow.
4.作状语
  While lying in bed, he listened to some music.
  Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.
  分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。
(二)分词的时态
  现在分词分一般式和完成式,而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。
  现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生,或在谓语动词之前发生。例如:
  Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.
  现在分词的完成时,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如:
  Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
(三)现在分词的被动式
  被动一般式 being done
  被动完成式 having been done
  This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city.
  Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.
(四)分词的否定形式
  分词的否定式,由not+分词构成,例如:
  Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.
  Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.
(五)分词独立主格结构
  当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构,在句法功能上起状语作用。例如:
  Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.
  The meeting being over, they all left the room.

三、动名词
  动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征,也有名词特征。
1.动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如:
  Smoking does great harm to people's health.(作主语)
   My job is looking after children.(作表语)
  I have finished reading the novel.(作宾语)
  We have got a swimming pool in our school.(作定语)
2.动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。例如:
   He made me angry by not taking the medicine.
3.动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。例如:
   Would you mind my opening the door?
4.动名词的一般式,表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前,或在后。
  例如:
  We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生)
  Do you remember meeting me there?(在谓语动词前发生)
5.动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如:
  I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child.
  She attended the party without being invited.