一、介词
(1)介词放在宾语前 I get up at six every morning. 我每天早晨六点起床。 You will see her before long. 你不久就会见到她了。 (2)以下五种情况,介词需放在宾语后 1)宾语为疑问代词时 Where do you come from? 你是哪里人? What is the boy crying for? 那男孩为什么哭呢? 2)宾语为关系代词时 Rice is the food which we Chinese live on. 米是我们中国人的主食。 That is the man whom we were speaking about. 那就是我们在谈论的人。 3)当形容词用的不定词之后时 I have no pen to write with. 我没有笔可写。 He had enough money to buy a car with. 他有足够的钱买一部车子。 4)含有介词的动词短语用于被动语态时 The fact was taken no notice of. 这事实没有引人注意。 He was laughed at by everybody. 他被大家嘲笑。 5)为强调宾语,而将宾语倒装至句首时 His going I have no objection to. 他去我不反对。 What you say I do not care about. 你说什么我都不在乎。 (二)常用介词的用法辨析 1.表时间的介词 1)at, in on
2)in, within, after
3)until (till), by
2.表示地点的介词 1)at, in, on
2)over, above, under, below
(三)介词的固定搭配 二、连词 并列连词 并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词,短语或句子。常见的并列连词有: (1)表并列关系的and, both...and, not only...but also, neither...nor等。 (2)表选择关系的or, either...or等。 (3)表转折关系的but, while等。 (4)表因果关系的for, so等。 从属连词 从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有: (1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。 (2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。 (3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。 (4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。 (5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。 (6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so...that, such...that等。 (7)引导比较状语从句的than, as...as等。 (8)引导名词从句的that, if, whether等。 (二)主要并列连词的用法 1.and 1)用and连接三个以上的词时,在每个词后面用逗点分开,只在最后一个词前面用and,而and前面也可加逗号,如:A,B,C and D或A,B,C,and D He's interested in reading, writing, and arithmetic. 他对阅读、写作和算术感兴趣。 2)and连接的两个词可表示同一人或物:He is a teacher and poet. 他是个教师兼诗人。 3)[祈使句+, and]“如果……,就……”;[祈使句+ , or]“……,否则……” Work hard, and you'll succeed. =If you work hard, you'll succeed. 努力工作,你就会成功。 Work hard, or you will fail. 努力工作,否则你会失败。 →在此句型中,句意明确时可将动词省略,而以“名词+and”表示。 2.or 1)or连接两个名词或代名词作主词时,动词的数要和最接近的名词或代名词一致: You or he is to blame. 你或他应受责备。 She or her parents are coming here. 她或她父母正要来这儿。 2)[祈使句+or else] “否则” Come at once, or it will be too late. 立刻来,否则就太迟了。 Do your work, or else you will be punished.做你的工作,否则你会受罚。 3.but (1)but没有“但是”意思的情形 1)Excuse me, but will you lend me a match? 对不起,能借根火柴吗? 2)not... but...“不是……,而是……” Not money but wisdom is what we want. 我们所需要的不是金钱而是智慧。 3)She does not play tennis, but ping-pong. 她不打网球,而打乒乓球。 (2)表让步后的强调语气,构成句型:
表示“因为”通常前面有逗号。for是表示附加的、推断的理由;而because则表直接的理由或原因: I stopped reading because I was tired. 因为很累,所以我停止读书。 It's morning, for the birds are singing. 不是因为“鸟叫”,所以“就是早晨”,而是把“鸟叫”作为“早晨来临”的判断依据。 (三)主要从属连词的用法 1.表时间的从属连词while, when, as 这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句,但用法有所不同。 (1)当某事正在进行的时候,又发生了另一件事。While, when, as都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如: As / When / While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car. (2)当两个长动作同时进行的时候,最常用的是while。例如: While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework. (3)当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时,最常用的是as。例如: As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them. (4)当两个短动作同时发生时,或表示“一边……一边……”时,最常用as。例如: Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry. She looked behind from time to time as she went. (5)当从句的动作先于主句的动作时,通常用when。例如: When he finished his work, he took a short rest. (6)当从句是瞬间动作,主句是延续性动作时,通常用when。例如: When John arrived I was cooking lunch. 2.表理由、原因的从属连词as, because, since, for均表示“因为”的意思,但用法有区别。 (1)如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如: I stayed at home because it rained. -- Why aren't you going? -- Because I don't want to. (2)如果原因已被人们所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如: As he wasn't ready, we left without him. Since I have no money, I can't buy any food. (3)for用来补充说明一种理由,因此,for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如: I decided to stop and have lunch -- for I was feeling quite hungry. 3.表结果的从属连词so...that, such...that (1)so...that中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词,而such...that中的such是个形容词,后接名词或名词短语。例如: I'm so tired that I can't walk any farther. It was such a warm day that he went swimming. (2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时,用so不用such。例如: He has so little education that he is unable to get a job. 4.表条件的从属连接词if, whether if和whether都可作“是否”讲,在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如: I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school. I don't know whether (if) he likes that film. 在下列情况下,只能用whether,不能用if: 1)引导主语从句时。例如:Whether he will come to the party is unknown. 2)引导表语从句时。例如:The question is whether I can pass the exam. 3) 在不定式前。例如:I haven't made up my mind whether to go there or not. 5.各连接词作主语和动词一致的情形
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